![]() ![]() Most genetic engineering of plants uses AMT to introduce novel gene content. tumefaciens transforms a wide variety of host plants by transferring a segment of the large tumor-inducing plasmid, called T-DNA into host cells. HGT from bacteria to plants has been restricted to Agrobacterium rhizogenes, and the related bacterium A. Furthermore, horizontal gene transfer (HGT), also known as lateral gene transfer, refers to the movement of genetic information across normal mating barriers, between more or less distantly related organisms, and thus stands in distinction to the standard vertical transmission of genes from parent to offspring. However, genotype-by-sequencing (GBS), a series of genetic analyses that includes molecular marker discovery and genotyping using NGS technologies, has opened new possibilities in plant breeding and plant genetics studies, including linkage maps, genome-wide association studies, genomic selection, and genomic diversity studies. Recent improvements in high-throughput sequencing have enable sequences to be used to detect and score single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by bypassing time-consuming process of marker development. NGS technologies have conferred new opportunities for high-throughput genotyping in various plant species. These new sequencing tools are also valuable for discovery, validation, and assessment of genetic marker in populations. On the other hand, next generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized genomic and transcriptomic approaches to biology. Moreover, the application of molecular markers developed from QTL analysis enhances breeding efficiency by enabling marker-assisted selection for particular agronomic traits. The advance of molecular biology and genetic engineering provides new opportunities in plant breeding technology. ![]() Later people incorporated some superior properties of different closely related parents through artificial mating or sexual hybridization, generating new genetic recombination which dramatically led to increased crop yields, easy cultivation, tolerant to environmental stresses, and resistant against pest. This conscious human selection activity to get the best performing plant, although relatively simple, is the fundamental principle of phenotype-selection based. ![]() The earlier farmers collected their best seeds to be replanted. Plant breeding activities are considered to have been going on for at least 10,000 years, as long as the age of human civilization from nomadic hunter-gatherer to sedentary lifestyle. Plant breeding technique comes as an art, science, and business of manipulating the genetic pattern of plants by humans to develop superior cultivars, related to improving humankind, ranging from unintentional changes that are resulted by conventional selection to precision breeding by molecular tools. Given the importance of plants, people have been upgrading both productivity and quality of cultivated plants. The many uses of plants can be summarized in “TREES” word, an abbreviation for timber, restoration, ecological, educational and recreation, and source of sustenance. Plants are essential natural resource for the survival and welfare of human being. ![]()
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